1 The Basics of Logic. 2 Reasoning with Compound Claims. 3 Classical Propositional Logic: Form. 4 Classical Propositional Logic: Meaning. 5 Using Classical Propositional Logic. 6 Proofs. Summary of Chapters 16. 7 Reasoning about Things. 8 The Grammar of Things. 9 A Formal Language for Predicate Logic. 10 A Predicate Applies to an Object or Objects. 11 Models for Classical Predicate Logic. 12 Substitution of Variables and Distribution of Quantifiers. 13 An Axiom System for Classical Predicate Logic. Summary of Chapters 713. 14 Formalizing in Classical Predicate Logic. 15 Identity. 16 Formalizing with the Equality Predicate. 17 Possibilities. APPENDICES 1 Proof by induction 2 Set Theory Notation 3 Naming, Pointing, and What There Is 4 Completeness Proofs 5 Other Interpretations of the Quantifiers and Variables 6 Mathematical Semantics 7 Aristotelian Logic. Index of Symbols. Index of Examples. Index.